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¹ Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
² Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan

The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 plays important roles in mediating non-canonical Wnt5a signaling by activating the Wnt–JNK pathway and inhibiting the ß-catenin–TCF pathway. It has been shown that Ror2 is phosphorylated and activated by casein kinase I when both molecules are over-expressed in cultured cells. However, it remains unknown whether or not Ror2 is phosphorylated upon Wnt5a stimulation. Here we show that Ror2 is phosphorylated on serine/threonine residues upon stimulation of cultured cells, expressing Ror2 endogenously, with Wnt5a, but not Wnt3a. It was found that treatment of cells with glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors (LiCl and SB216763) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for GSK-3 (mainly GSK-3) can inhibit Wnt5a-induced phosphorylation of Ror2. Immunoprecipitated Ror2 can also be phosphorylated by purified GSK-3 or GSK-3ß in vitro, and ectopic co-expression of Ror2 and GSK-3 (mainly GSK-3) in cultured cells results in Ror2 phosphorylation, irrespective of Wnt5a, that is sensitive to SB216763. These results indicate that GSK-3 is involved in Wnt5a-induced phosphorylation of Ror2. Moreover, it was found that Wnt5a-induced cell migration can be inhibited by SB216763 or by siRNA-mediated suppression of GSK-3 (and GSK-3ß) expression, further emphasizing the role(s) of GSK-3 in Wnt5a-induced signaling.

^* Correspondence: E-mail: minami{at}kobe-u.ac.jp