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Sung-Hae Lee Kang^1,, Padraic P Levings^1,, Felicie Andersen¹, Philip J Laipis^1,4, Kenneth I Berns^2,4,5, Robert T Zori³ and Jörg Bungert^1,4,5,*

¹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
² Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
³ Department of Pediatrics
⁴ Powell Gene Therapy Center and Center for Mammalian Genetics
⁵ Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

Expression constructs are subject to position-effects in transgenic assays unless they harbour elements that protect them from negative or positive influences exerted by chromatin at the site of integration. Locus control regions (LCRs) and boundary elements are able to protect from position effects by preventing heterochromatization of linked genes. The LCR in the human ß-globin gene locus is located far upstream of the genes and composed of several erythroid specific DNase I hypersensitive (HS) sites. Previous studies demonstrated that the LCR HS sites act synergistically to confer position-independent and high-level globin gene expression at different integration sites in transgenic mice. Here we show that LCR HS sites 2 and 3, in combination with boundary elements derived from the chicken ß-globin gene locus, confer high-level human ß-globin gene expression in different chromosomal integration sites in transgenic mice. Moreover, we found that the construct is accessible to nucleases and highly expressed when integrated in a centromeric region. These results demonstrate that the combination of enhancer, chromatin opening and boundary activities can establish independent expression units when integrated into chromatin.

S. H. L. Kang and P. P. Levings contributed equally to this work.

^* Correspondence: E-mail: jbungert{at}ufl.edu

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